Mac mass storage for video archiving - options

I'm in the midst of a bit of project from heck - assembling and managing our home video recordings. This comes to about 40 hours of analog Hi8 and a comparable amount of 2007 DV technology plus an array of camera files from pretty crummy to modern dSLR HD. I estimate the total archival store will be about 1TB -- mostly using DV-25 files (MPEG-2 codec) and similar acquisition formats. (There are no archival video formats in 2012. More on that in a separate post.)

This is too much data to fit my current backup system - a redundant mixture of Time Capsule and Carbon Copy Cloner with offsite rotation. Once the archive is created I don't expect a rapid expansion rate, so the key backup feature is offsite coverage. I don't think this will be on the same rotation schedule as my current backups.

So I think I'm looking at a completely independent system - at least until we can buy $10TB of storage for under $200 (2016?).

I would like to spend less than $1200. I'd like a RAID-1 solution that would allow me to take a drive off-site, bring the off-site drive onsite, and rebuild the mirror. I'd prefer Thunderbolt though it sounds like Firewire 800 may be good enough for what I want to do. I do want it to be fairly quiet, though in fact it needn't run very often.

This is the list of options I'm coming up with:

• Prosumer video storage: sub $1000... (Apple discussion thread I initiated)
• LaCie - LaCie 2big Thunderbolt Series: not clear this is really available yet. Reputation for noisy fans.
• OWC Mercury Elite Pro mini Portable RAID: can be combined with Sonnet's eSata to Thunderbolt converters.
• NewerTech Guardian MAXimus
• Pegasus RAID Storage with Thunderbolt

I may also opt for basic Firewire 800 drives and do the cloning using CCC (will take a while!)

Any suggestions or comments are welcome ...

Video: The state of compression is not good. Blame it on Congress.

The more I study analog to digital video conversion and export compression the more I see I've left civilization.

This is a domain of arcane knowledge and of unknown unknowns -- "experts" who really don't know what they're talking about. I'm sure there are real experts, but they're bored silly by the level of net discussion -- including Apple's own technical notes. It reminds me of my 1981 medical school lectures in renal physiology [1], or my @2002 research into color profiles.

In the absence of publicly accessible expertise I hope I'll have time to do my own experiments, such as creating a range of QuickTime 10.x exports with a span of export parameters. I'm afraid, however, that I don't have that much time.

Which means I probably need to give up on my idea of using .mp4 files the way I use .JPEG -- as an archival storage format [2].

So that means I need to buy more storage -- 2TB should do it. From that point on, given the amount of video we capture, I will just need to upgrade every 2-3 years (4, 8, 16, 32....). And I need to invest in either firewire 800 or thunderbolt.

So now I'm looking at the 1995 era ".dv" format [3]. Should be straightforward. Right?

Yeah, that's what I thought until I read this wikipedia article, which, as is usual for wikipedia, reads like a mixture of a true expert and some confusing amateurs [5] (but is still better than the alternative...):

DV - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

... The DV codec was launched in 1995 with joint efforts of leading producers of video camcorders...

... DV video employs interlaced video scanning with the luminance sampling frequency of 13.5 MH...

... One video frame is formed from either 10 or 12 such sequences, depending on scanning rate, which results in a data rate of about 25 Mbit/s for video [4] and an additional 1.5 Mbit/s for audio. This results in a compression rate of 5 to 1...

... All DV variants except for DVCPRO Progressive are recorded to tape within interlaced video stream...

... When video is captured onto a computer it is stored in a container file, which can be either raw DV stream, AVI, WMV or Quicktime. Whichever container is used, the video itself is not re-encoded and represents a complete digital copy of what has been recorded onto tape. If needed, the video can be recorded back to tape to obtain full and lossless copy of the original footage....

So even .DV covers a multitude of sins -- and is a significant compression from the original stream.

Even so, a mixture of .DV and Apple's proprietary professional formats seems the only way to go for now. I hope within a decade we'll have the standards and software to do better.

Or perhaps not. It's worth asking why progress has been so slow over the past decade -- and why the "standards" for still and video images date from the early 1990s. The answer seems to be something Congress and the USPTO did in 1996 ...

USPTO issued Final Computer Related Examination Guidelines stating that "A practical application of a computer-related invention is statutory subject matter. This requirement can be discerned from the variously phrased prohibitions against the patenting of abstract ideas, laws of nature or natural phenomena".

We may need legal reform before we have an archival video format. This is not a technology problem.

[1] After weeks of confident and contradictory statements from researchers and textbooks, I wondered whether they knew they were faking it, or if they'd fooled themselves. I never did find out.
[2] JPEG itself is a non-specific marketing term that hides a very wide range of codec tweaks and metadata "standards". Still, it's a recognized library of congress standard (TIFF is even less standard.). There isn't an image format today that has a comparable archival lifespan, so I use 99% (minimally compressed) JPEG and delete the RAW images -- holding my nose the whole time. Yes, I wish JPEG-2000 had succeeded. Our IP (patent) framework is intensely dysfunctional. 
[4] Now I know what the data rate setting in iMovie 11's QuickTime export parameter means.
[5] In particular there's confusion about DV handling during capture vs. how it's represented during editing/playback and confusion about what containers are. Of course, as a non-expert, I corrected that section.

iMovie 11 and analog to digital videotape conversion by passthrough

it's been six years since I've had much good to say about Apple's OS X software (we miss you Avie). So I'm mildly surprised to say something good about iMovie '11.

I haven't paid much attention to iMovie since the iMovie HD debacle, but after Final Cut Pro X and QuickTime Pro failed me I turned to my free copy of iMovie [1]. Short of Adobe Premiere, it was the last tool to use for my family video consolidation project ...

Gordon's Tech: How should I transcode my home analog video?:

... Emily picked this project for her Valentine gift, so we're off. I found a 300GB drive and LaCie firewire enclosure I'd forgotten about. So far video capture seems to be proceeding well from a 12 yo Hi8 analog tape; there's a thin sliver of artifact at base; I think capture frame is bit taller than the image frame. Setup at the moment:

• SONY Hi-8 TRV65 (1997) with S-video and RCA audio out to ...
• Canon Optura 50 (2004) with firewire out via secondary port on LaCie to ...
• iMac i5 2.7GHz, 8GB RAM
• Final Cut Pro X (trial version. There's no more academic pricing for Apple products distributed through app store. I expect I'll buy full version. So far this is the big expense) saving project to ...
• External firewire LaCie drive (300GB)

I started with FCPX, but it only seemed to be capturing video. Video streamed to FCPX, but was not recorded. FCPX can't handle non-timestamped video streams:

• How to "Uncontroll Device" in FCP X: Apple Support Communities. Capture via QuickTime 10 Player and import into FCP. Unfortunately this didn't work for me (see below)
• Setting FCP X to "Non-Controllable...: Apple Support Communities - problem is lack of timestamp.

So, after reading about 10GB import limits for QuickTime Pro, I tried iMovie 8 (iMovie '11). These were the steps I followed:

1. Connected the Hi-8 camcorder via S-Video and RCA to the Optura
2. Set Optura to Passthrough mode (most people now would use a Canopus device or the like to do A/D conversion - workflow is very similar)
3. Turned off Time Machine -- I don't want the 30 GB videos going to my backup drive [2].
4. Start iMovie. It's safest to create the Event (will hold the video, analogous to Events in iPhoto) first so you can choose what drive the event will go to (there's a small icon that lets you see how Events are distributed over media).
5. Start Import in Manual mode and direct to the Event desired. Push Play on camera.
6. iMovie will give you a few seconds to get the video in. It shows the Canon as no tape and displays 'Ready to Record'. If the stream doesn't start iMovie will quit.
7. If recording is working the counter will increment and a small red dot will show. The 'Ready to Record' message never changes.
8. When recording is done iMovie stops (1 minute delay)
9. Then thumbnails are supposed to be created (but see below) ...
10. After all is done, move the Event to an external drive (Cmd-Drag and drop within iMovie.)

I start the when I get home from work then let it run. A 1.5 hour tape produced a 25GB .DV file and 1.5 GB thumbnails.

To export to .m4v (MP4 variant) you first create a Project. I edit my .DV by selecting the parts I don't want and tapping the 'R' (remove) key. Use Shift-Command-A to undo select all; it's easy to select all and not clear how to undo. Study the keyboard shortcuts, I don't like iMovie's standard or context menus. Editing was easier than I'd expected, even for a project this size. I'm just getting rid of the obvious junk.

When done select all and drag to Project window. Then add a title slide.

After the Project is done choose Share and large size. On my iMac compression to 960x540 took about 1 hour and produced a 1.5 G .m4v (mpeg) file; it uses "270% of CPU". I'd prefer a bit less compression, maybe a 3GB output. I'm studying my options. It's ok to save the .m4v to an external drive.

I then move use iMovie to move the entire Event to an external drive for storage (see update, these directions are wrong). Empty trash and restart Time Machine.

The Events, for now, are staying on my external store (1TB+, so should handle about 8-9 of my media. I don't want to keep the .DV files, when I'm satisfied I can produce a high quality .mpeg movie with reasonable compression I'll store that alone. Three 1.0 TB drives should manage all of our video - one onsite, one offsite backup, one rotation [3].

Of course there are bugs ....

• iMovie crashed twice (kernel exception -- it really doesn't like the cheap external drive I'm using until the better ones come along [3]
• iMovie always hangs at the end of thumbnail generation, no matter how short the event. This is a replicable bug. I've tried deleting preferences; this may also be a sign these Project are too big for iMovie. I'm hunting around for an old copy of Final Cute Pro or Final Cut Express. (By Darwin, Apple screwed the video market.) [UPDATE: With my firewire drive unmounted, thumbnail generation does not hang.]

It's early days, but I'm less displeased than I'd expected. I think if iMovie fails I'll try Adobe Premiere Elements next.

[1] When Apple introduced the App Store, they also turned to iOS style licensing. iLife '11 came with my MacBook Air, and was registered with my Apple Store ID. That meant it showed up in "purchases" on my iMac and I could download and install it.

[2] Trick is to remember to turn it on again after the iMovie Event has been moved to an external drive. Streaming capture to my old external firewire enclosure did not work. Not only were frames dropped, but iMovie crashed as well.

[3] Future post pending on the external storage/backup system I'm going to use.

Update: Possible export options (ref)

• MPEG-4
• frame size: largest possible (when I set to be the source size however, the output still omits about 3% of the frame)
• key frames: <10
• data rate: DV data rate is 25Mbit/s for video and 1.5 Mbit/s for audio. The default on .mp4 is about 4Mbit/s.

There's surprisingly little quality information on these settings. Reading the Final Cut Pro 7 documentation makes me envious.

Update 2/17/2012: Apples directions for moving Event's are incorrect. If you drag and drop the Event is copied. To move you have to Cmd-Drag, just as in the file system.

Update 2/18/2012: I realized that, by accident, I was using a low end firewire 400 cable with a 400/800 converter to my external drive. That is a bad idea! I would expect it to cause issues. I switched to my LaCie 400/800 cable. I've also given up on the idea of using .MP4 as my archival format.

I've also experimented with capturing via QuickTime 10 at 'highest qualilty'. That created a .mov file that is almost exactly the same size as the .dv file that iMovie crated from the same source; at heart it's a DV file. There's a trick to get this to work with passthrough video. I had to start the stream, then click the record button. When I move these into an iMovie Event library iMovie simply moves the .mov file then creates thumbnails.

I've read FCPX will import these. I'm experimenting more with this.

Update 2/18/2012b: OK, the QuickTime method doesn't work with this particular video stream. I didn't run into any time limit, but there's no sound on playback -- even though there's sound during the capture process.

Update 2/19/2012: I was able to complete a video capture without the thumbnail hang. Two things were different. My external drive (firewire 400) was not mounted, and I stopped the stream manually rather than let it self-terminate when the video stream stopped. I have another post pending on why I gave up on the idea of .mp4 export. For now I'm collecting 30GB .DV files for each tape. Update: It's not the manual termination. it's that my firewire drive was accidentally unmounted. I've replicated this.

Update 2/20/2012: I tested importing one of the analog to digital projects I created in iMovie 11 into FCPX. FCPX seemed to import the modest project and very large clip without obvious problems.

How should I transcode my home analog video?

Twelve years ago I was keen to digitize my home video tapes - on a 400 MHz Celeron system.

Eight years ago I wrote "The thought of losing the kids' taped videos is not comforting. I need to do this sooner rather than later.". At that time I experiment with transcoding through a Canon digital camera using iMovie and a G3 iMac. I figured my G5 would do the job in 2005, maybe with its capacious 40GB drive and a stack of DVDs.

Now I have a slightly aged 2.7GHz i5, 8GB RAM, and several TB drives -- and my analog tapes are 8 years older. Maybe I'll do it this year, even though I hate digital video [1].

I'm trying to warm to the idea. The big difference over 8 years ago isn't processing power [2], it's cost/MB and the gradual emergence of H.264/MPEG-4 Part 10 (AVC) as a relatively standard format for video. The National Archives recognizes there's no real AV standard, but their list of formats they work with includes MPEG4.

If I do finally walk though this, I don't want to bother with DVDs. My current plan is:

• Purchase two 1TB drives. Digitize everything we have to one of the drives as MPEG4 video and MPEG4 audio.
• Clone that drive and keep one drive on site and one drive offsite, repeat every few years.[3]
• Use my old Canon digital camera with passthrough to digitize my analog tapes, then compress on my iMac and store with a file naming convention to reflect date and time information. (I'll consider the Canopus though.)
• Convert my collection of digital tapes (DV) to H.264 as well

I don't know what software I'll need. Can I do what I need to do with iMovie/QuickTime Pro, or should I buy Final Cut Pro X? I'm not planning to edit, but if I were I'm pretty sure the current fork of iMovie won't do the job.

Update: Apple offers a free download for FCP/X. So I will probably try it out.

See also:

• Good advice on digitizing video (Tidbits) 12/2004
• Home Video Editing started 6/2000! (Pass through with a Canon ZR 60 in 2003)
• Digitizing Video: Tapes - extensive Macintouch archives
• BYTE Media Lab 2004 Imaging Awards: Analog to Digital Converters 4/2004
• Why I hate video: Format, codecs, DRM and m4v vs mp4 7/2011
• Amazon.com: Canopus 77010150100 ADVC110 Converter: Electronics (old tech, good reviews, $218) 2/2012
• REC.VIDEO Google groups/usenet posting: Video degradation with S-Video analog transfer vs. A/V mini-jack connection 3/2005

[1] In Jan of 2010 I discovered a 12 yo WMV formatted video was unplayable; I was able to use Windows Movie Maker to convert the 23MB WMV file to a 311MB DV AVI file. Digital image formats are a friggin' mess, but video is at least ten times worse. No metadata standards, crazy patents, non-standard containers, audio codecs, video codecs - yech.

[2] Yeah, the machines are a hundred times faster. But compression can run overnight.

[3] By 2020 I assume we'll have 100TB main system and backup drives, so storing my old video with my routine data will be trivial. By then a single snapshot will be a GB.

Update 12/14/2012: Emily picked this project for her Valentine gift, so we're off. I found a 300GB drive and LaCie firewire enclosure I'd forgotten about. So far video capture seems to be proceeding well from a 12 yo Hi8 analog tape; there's a thin sliver of artifact at base; I think capture frame is bit taller than the image frame. Setup at the moment:

• SONY Hi-8 TRV65 with S-video and RCA audio out to ...
• Canon Optura 50 with firewire out via secondary port on LaCie to ...
• iMac i5 2.7GHz, 8GB RAM
• Final Cut Pro X (trial version. There's no more academic pricing for Apple products distributed through app store. I expect I'll buy full version. So far this is the big expense) saving project to ...
• External firewire LaCie drive (300GB)

Both cameras are on external power. I needed my old manuals, had the SONY and found the Optura online. Getting passthrough working was balky, FCPX only gave me about 10 seconds to start then it turned off import due to lack of a signal. It can't operate the Optura 50 in pass-through mode, I haven't tried yet with a tape installed. Once I hit the play button fast enough I was ok.

I'll have data on file size tomorrow. FCPX imports using its default Apple ProRes format.

Operating the old SONY feels primeval. It's 15 years old, feels 50. It is weird to see the kid video. Plan is to put a library of MP4 versions (no editing really) on iTunes on a an old G5 with a largely unused drive. We can browse, play from iTunes.

Update 2/15/2012: Not so good. Nothing captured! Looks like I need to read the manual, or perhaps FCPX won't work at all. It certainly showed the video, but it didn't save the event. It also didn't stop recording when the input ended.

Update 2/15/2012b: QuickTime Pro is not an option. I was able to create a @2 hour 25GB .dv file using iMovie 11, but then iMovie 11 got stuck 'generating thumbnails'. I think that bug, however, was triggered by connecting an iPhone to my iMovie machine. Disconnecting the iPhone did not clear iMovie, I had to kill it. On restart my video appears to have been captured and iMovie seems to have stopped input about 2 minutes after the end of tape. Thumbnails are fine - all 1.5GB of them. More on the results and process in a follow-up post. I'd like to take a look at Adobe Premiere Elements.

Update 2/16/2012: Gordon's Tech: iMovie 11 and analog to digital videotape conversion by passthrough.

Update 2/17/2012: I experimented with QT 10 movie capture. The trick with passthrough conversion is to first start the video stream, the click record. Otherwise QT exits. I captured 30 min of video at 9 GB; QT Inspector says the codec inside the saved .mov file is dv.

I've read that this will import into FCPX, so I may try that again. My next experiment will be to see if I can record over 10 GB (1 hour of video). There are many reports of QT recording stopping with a 'size limit' message at varying file sizes, in my case that's what displayed after I stopped the video stream.

Warning - if you delete your G+ Profile you may turn off sharing from your Picasa albums

A friend of mine complained he was unable to download some wedding pictures I'd taken. Last summer downloads worked, but as of a few months ago they stopped working.

Just around the time I deleted my Google G+ Profile.

My friend told me the original sharing link worked, but the download button was grayed out. Sure enough, when logged out of Google I couldn't download images. It was easy to see why, image downloading was turned off in my Picasa preferences.

I don't remember turning that off. Given the way I share images, that wouldn't make sense. My best guess is that when I deleted my G+ Profile Google reset my sharing preferences to the default settings. if I'd known I could have fixed it immediately. Instead I've been sending share links out for months that weren't working.

I assume most of the people I sent shares too simply gave up in frustration, or ended up downloading a low res thumbnail.

Google Fail.

Time Machine for Lion supports encrypted backups

In the midst of tweaking a Time Capsule backup, I noticed a grayed out option to encrypt my backup.

Turns out 10.7 enables Time Machine encryption on Lion - but only for directly connected drives.

Reading the MacOS X hints commentary I think they're missing the point. A good backup strategy requires offsite backup, and taking a non-encrypted backup offsite is somewhat risky. I don't take my Time Capsule backups offsite, but I do rotate my Carbon Copy Cloner images/backups -- and they are encrypted.

This is a good feature if used wisely.

Obscure bug: Reeder share to Facebook will post to last used Page Identity

This is an oddball bug. I suspect it's not fixable.

I used iOS Reeder to share a Facebook post.

Problem was, when I last used Facebook I used it as one of the Pages I maintain. That's how Facebook Pages work; you assume the Page identity while you post to it. Then you flip back to your own identity.

So Reeder shared my personal post on my public Page. It wasn't too embarrassing, but it was clearly wrong for the Page (org).

It's a weird bug; I suspect the flaw is in Facebook's API. It probably isn't designed for this use case. I also wonder if this is a side-effect of Facebook introducing the Timeline to my personal account.